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Jewish Christians, also Hebrew Christians or Judeo-Christians, were the original members of the Jewish movement that later became Christianity. In the earliest stage the community was made up of all those Jews who accepted Jesus as a venerable person or even the Messiah (Christ). As Christianity grew and evolved, Jewish Christians became only one strand of the early Christian community, characterised by combining the confession of Jesus as Christ with continued adherence to Jewish traditions such as Sabbath observance, observance of the Jewish calendar, observance of Jewish laws and customs, circumcision, and synagogue attendance, and by a direct genetic relationship to the earliest Jewish Christians.〔 The term "Jewish Christian" appears in historical texts contrasting Christians of Jewish origin with Gentile Christians, both in discussion of the New Testament church〔Theological dictionary of the New Testament 1972 p568 Gerhard Kittel, Geoffrey William Bromiley, Gerhard Friedrich "When the Jewish Christians whom James sent from Jerusalem arrived at Antioch, Cephas withdrew from table-fellowship with the Gentile Christians:"〕〔Cynthia White ''The emergence of Christianity'' 2007 p36 "In these early days of the church in Jerusalem there was a growing antagonism between the Greek-speaking Hellenized Jewish Christians and the Aramaic-speaking Jewish Christians"〕 and the second and following centuries.〔Michele Murray ''Playing a Jewish game: Gentile Christian Judaizing in the first and Second Centuries CE'', Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion - 2004 p97 "Justin is obviously frustrated by continued law observance by Gentile Christians; to impede the spread of the phenomenon, he declares that he does not approve of Jewish Christians who attempt to influence Gentile Christians "to be.. "〕 It is also a term used for Jews who converted to Christianity but kept their Jewish heritage and traditions. Alister McGrath, former Professor of Historical Theology at Oxford University, claims that many 1st century "Jewish Christians" were totally faithful religious Jews. They differed from other contemporary Jews only in their acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah.〔McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing (2006). ISBN 1-4051-0899-1. Page 174: "In effect, they (Christians ) seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief — that Jesus was the Messiah. Unless males were circumcised, they could not be saved (Acts 15:1)."〕 Those that taught that Gentile converts to Christianity ought to adopt more Jewish practices than the Church had already included, however, were called "Judaizers". Though the Apostle Peter was initially sympathetic, the Apostle Paul opposed the teaching at the Incident at Antioch () and at the Council of Jerusalem (), where Paul's teaching was accepted by the whole Church.〔 Nevertheless, Judaizing continued for several centuries, particularly among Jewish Christians.〔 As Christianity grew throughout the Gentile world, Christians diverged from their Jewish and Jerusalem roots.〔(Keith Akers, ''The lost religion of Jesus: simple living and nonviolence in early Christianity'', Lantern Books, 2000 ) p. 21〕〔Wylen, Stephen M., ''The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction'', Paulist Press (1995), ISBN 0-8091-3610-4, Pp 190-192.; Dunn, James D.G., ''Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999), ISBN 0-8028-4498-7, Pp 33–34.; Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander, ''The Romans: From Village to Empire'', Oxford University Press (2004), ISBN 0-19-511875-8, p. 426.;〕 Jewish Christianity, initially strengthened despite persecution by Jerusalem Temple officials, fell into decline during the Jewish-Roman wars (66-135) and the growing anti-Judaism perhaps best personified by Marcion (c. 150). With persecution by the orthodox Christians from the time of the Roman Emperor Constantine in the 4th century, Jewish Christians sought refuge outside the boundaries of the Empire, in Arabia and further afield.〔Küng, Hans (2008), "Islam: Past, Present and Future" (One World Publications)〕 Within the Empire and later elsewhere it was dominated by the Gentile based Christianity which became the State church of the Roman Empire and which took control of sites in the Holy Land such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the Cenacle and appointed subsequent Bishops of Jerusalem. == Related terms == *Hebrew Christians — a 19th-century movement of Jewish converts to Christianity acting semi-autonomously within the Anglican and other established churches.〔Kessler, Edward and Neil Wenborn, ed. ''A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations'', 2005, p. 180. "Hebrew Christians - Hebrew Christians emerged as a group of Jewish converts to Christianity in the early nineteenth... Edward Kessler"〕 though it is also used in some texts concerning the early church,〔Hurtado, Larry W. ''Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity'', 2005, p.211. "Also, if we itemize the instances of Jewish opposition/ persecution in the Acts narratives of the Jerusalem church, the leaders of the Hebrew Christians are more frequently on the receiving end (eg, Peter and John in 4:1-22;"〕 and Arnold Fruchtenbaum applied the term to Jewish Christians standing aside from the Messianic Judaism movement.〔Gallagher, Eugene V. and W. Michael Ashcraft, ed. ''Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America'', 2006, p213. "In the 1970s, Fruchtenbaum defined himself as a Hebrew Christian and was skeptical about the more assertive forms of Messianic Judaism."〕 *Hebrew Roots — A religious movement that embraces both Old and New Testaments but without the observance of the Jewish Talmud and many Jewish traditions not supported by Scripture. *Christian Jews — a modern term which is frequently encountered in texts dealing with sociology and demographics.〔Kaplan, Dana Evan. ''The Cambridge Companion to American Judaism'' 2005, p. 412. "In contrast, four out of five secular and Christian Jews indicated that being Jewish was not "very important" to them. ... As compared with born Jews and Jews by choice, secular and Christian Jews generally feel positive about being Jewish, but it has few if any consequences for them and is not particularly important to them."〕 * Judaizers — Early Christians who maintained or adopted Jewish religious practices, from the period of the inception of Christianity until approximately the fifth century.〔''(Joan Taylor, ''Christians and the Holy Places: the Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins )'', Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 18〕 *Judean Christians — Christians from Judea who were predominantly Jewish.〔James Carleton Paget, ''(Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity )'' (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen Zum Neuen Testament) (9783161503122) August 2010 Mohr, J. C. B.〕〔Vallée, Gérard. ''(The Shaping of Christianity )'' The History and Literature of Its Formative Centuries (100-800) 1999〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jewish Christian」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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